PRESENT TENSES
INDEFINITE
STRUCTURE
|
ACTIVE
VOICE1
|
PASSIVE
VOICE2
|
AFFIRMATIVE
|
D.Obj+IS/AM/ARE+V3RD
+ (BY+S)
|
|
EXAMPLE
|
Nations remember
their heroes.
|
Heroes are remembered. (by
nation)
|
NEGETIVE
|
S+DO NOT/DOES
NOT+V1ST +(Obj)
|
D.Obj+IS/AM/ARE+NOT+V3RD
+ (BY+S)
|
EXAMPLE
|
Nations do not
remember their heroes
|
Heroes are not
remembered (by nation).
|
INTERROGATIVE
|
DO/DOES+
|
IS/AM/ARE+D.Obj+V3RD+
(BY+S)?
|
EXAMPLE
|
Do nations remember
their heroes?
|
Are heroes
remembered (by nation)?
|
USES
|
1.
To mention the routine works and schedules.
2.
To show the habits and customs
3.
To express general statements and truth irrespective
of time.
4.
To express exclamation.
|
|
NOTES SPECIFICALLY FOR PRESENT
INDEFINITE:
1.
In Active Voice, add ‘s’, ‘es’ or ‘ies’ after V1st form if the Subject is a singular noun or is
a 3rd person singular pronoun. Same rule applies on the use of ‘do’
and ‘does.’
2.
Note that it is not necessary to mention the subject in
these sentences.
PRACTICE
EXERCISE
ACTIVE VOICE
|
PASSIVE VOICE
|
||
i
|
They produce leather jackets.
|
Leather jackets are produced.
|
|
ii
|
A board of governors runs the school.
|
The school is run by board of governors.
|
|
iii
|
People want peace than terror.
|
Peace is wanted than terror.
|
|
iv
|
No one ever does anything in this country.
|
Nothing is ever done in this country.
|
|
v
|
Saky teaches us grammar.
|
D.Obj=Grammar
|
Grammar is taught to us by Saky.
|
D.Obj=We
|
We are taught grammar. (by Saky)
|
||
CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE
Note: Present Participle (V1st+ing)
is included in all continuous tenses.
STRUCTURE
|
ACTIVE
VOICE
|
PASSIVE
VOICE1
|
AFFIRMATIVE
|
S+IS/ARE/AM+
Prst.Prtp+ (Obj)
|
D.Obj+IS/AM/ARE+BEING+V3RD
+ (BY+S)
|
EXAMPLE
|
Mobile phones are
using Bluetooth technology nowadays.
|
Bluetooth
technology is being used by mobile phones nowadays.
|
NEGETIVE
|
S+IS/ARE/AM +NOT +Prst.Prtp
+(Obj)
|
D.Obj+IS/AM/ARE+NOT+BEING+V3RD
+ (BY+S)
|
EXAMPLE
|
Mobile phones are
not using Bluetooth technology nowadays.
|
Bluetooth technology
is not being used by mobile phones nowadays.
|
INTERROGATIVE
|
IS/ARE/AM +S+
Prst.Prtp + (Obj)?
|
IS/AM/ARE+D.Obj+BEING+V3RD+
(BY+S)?
|
EXAMPLE
|
Are mobile phones
using Bluetooth technology nowadays?
|
Is Bluetooth
technology being used by mobile phones nowadays?
|
USES
|
1.
To express actions that are in progress right ‘NOW’
2.
To show the scheduled action for near future, e.g. ‘I am leaving the city tomorrow’.
|
|
NOTES SPECIFICALLY FOR CONTINUOUS TENSES
1.
In Active Voice of Present Continuous, ‘is/am/are’ act
as auxiliary verbs, while in passive voice they act as helping verbs.
2.
The word ‘Being’ is formed as ‘be+ing.’
3.
In Passive Voice, the V3rd form is made from
the Present Participle in Active Voice.
e.g. “She is cleaning
desk”===”Desk is being cleaned by her”.
PRACTICE
EXERCISE
ACTIVE VOICE
|
PASSIVE VOICE
|
|
i
|
They are destroying the whole
building.
|
The whole building is being
destroyed.
|
ii
|
Nothing is preventing our
success.
|
Our success is not being
prevented.
|
ii
|
Is that man checking copies?
|
Are copies being checked by
that man?
|
iv
|
My secretary is typing your
letter.
|
Your letter is being typed by
my secretary
|
v
|
Power crisis is making life
uneasy.
|
Life is being made uneasy by power
crisis.
|
PRESENT PERFECT
STRUCTURE
|
ACTIVE
VOICE1
|
PASSIVE
VOICE
|
AFFIRMATIVE
|
S+HAS/HAVE+V3RD
+(Obj)
|
D.Obj+HAS/HAVE+BEEN+V3RD
+ (BY+S)
|
EXAMPLE
|
Inflation has
destroyed our lives.
|
Our lives have been
destroyed by inflation.
|
NEGETIVE
|
S+HAS/HAVE+ NOT+V3RD
+(Obj)
|
D.Obj+HAS/HAVE+NOT+BEEN+V3RD
+ (BY+S)
|
EXAMPLE
|
Inflation has not
destroyed our lives.
|
Our lives have not
been destroyed by inflation..
|
INTERROGATIVE
|
HAS/HAVE+
|
HAS/HAVE+D.Obj+BEEN+V3RD+
(BY+S)?
|
EXAMPLE
|
Has inflation
destroyed our lives?
|
Have our lives been
destroyed by inflation?
|
USES
|
1.
To express actions those are ‘just’ completed in very
near past.
2.
To express past actions whose time is not defined.
e.g. “I have never left my country in
my life.”
|
|
NOTES SPECIFICALLY FOR PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
1.
Has/Have are always used as helping verbs in perfect
tenses (both voices)
2.
When Has/Have are used as helping verb, don’t forget to
use 3rd form of Main Verb
in all circumstances.
3.
‘Has’ is used with singular nouns and 3rd
person singular pronouns.
PRACTICE
EXERCISE
ACTIVE VOICE
|
PASSIVE VOICE
|
|
i
|
Someone has cheated me in market.
|
I have been cheated in market.
|
ii
|
Somebody has already shut the
door.
|
The door has already been shut.
|
iii
|
Have all of you completed the
work?
|
Has the work been completed by
all?
|
iv
|
The enemy has defeated our
army.
|
Our army has been defeated by
enemy.
|
v
|
No one has told me what to do.
|
I have not been told what to
do.
|
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Note: It is only formed in Active
Voice.
STRUCTURE
|
ACTIVE
VOICE
|
AFFIRMATIVE
|
S+HAS/HAVE+BEEN+
Prst.Prtp +ObJ+TIME CLAUSE1
|
EXAMPLE
|
|
NEGETIVE
|
S+HAS/HAVE+NOT
+BEEN + Prst.Prtp + Obj +TIME CLAUSE1
|
EXAMPLE
|
|
INTERROGATIVE
|
HAS/HAVE+S+
BEEN+ Prst.Prtp +ObJ+TIME CLAUSE1?
|
EXAMPLE
|
Has
|
USES
|
|
NOTES SPECIFICALLY FOR PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES
1.
‘Time
Clause” is an ad-verbal or prepositional phrase. It has two parts; one is a preposition
of time like “SINCE” or “FOR”, and the other part is an adverb showing time
like ‘morning,’ ‘Sunday,’ ‘last time,’ ‘8`O clock’ etc.
2.
The use of SINCE and For depends on whether the time is
definite or indefinite. “SINCE” is used with all DEFINITE time periods. “FOR”
is used with all indefinite time periods. Following chart further clarifies the
use of both:
SINCE
|
FOR
|
DEFINITE
TIME
|
INDEFINITE
TIME
|
EXAMPLES
|
|
Morning;
afternoon;
night;
|
A
day; five-weeks;
two-hours;
several
years
|
February;
|
A
long time; a short time; many days
|
(Specific
occasion) e.g. Birthday; Eid; then
|
(General
times) e.g. a whole-year; half-an-hour
|
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