INDEFINITE
STRUCTURE
|
ACTIVE
VOICE
|
PASSIVE
VOICE
|
AFFIRMATIVE
|
D.Obj+WAS/WERE+V3RD
+ (BY+S)
|
|
EXAMPLE
|
Scientists invented
computer in last century.
|
Computer was
invented in the last century.
|
NEGETIVE
|
D.Obj+WAS/WERE+NOT+V3RD
+ (BY+S)
|
|
EXAMPLE
|
Scientists did not
invent computer in last century.
|
Computer was not
invented in the last century.
|
INTERROGATIVE
|
DID1+
|
WAS/WERE+D.Obj+V3RD+
(BY+S)?
|
EXAMPLE
|
Did scientists
invent computer in last century?
|
Was computer
invented in last century?
|
USES
|
1.
To indicate an action completed in past.
2.
To indicate past habits.
|
NOTES SPECIFICALLY FOR PAST INDEFINITE TENSES
1.
Adverb of time may or may not be mentioned.
2.
In Active Voice Negative or Interrogative sentences,
don’t use V2nd form with
“Did.”
PRACTICE EXERCISE
ACTIVE VOICE
|
PASSIVE VOICE
|
|
I
|
Umpire postponed the match due
to rain.
|
The match was postponed by the
umpire due to rain.
|
ii
|
Z.A.Bhutto wrote, ‘If I were
assassinated!’
|
‘If I were assassinated!’ was
written by Z.A.Bhutto
|
iii
|
An earthquake severely shattered
|
|
iv
|
Hajjaj did not invade
|
|
v
|
Did people laugh at her in the
party?
|
Was she laughed at in the
party?
|
CONTINUOUS
Note: Prst.Prtp (V1st+ing) is included in all
continuous tenses
STRUCTURE
|
ACTIVE
VOICE
|
PASSIVE
VOICE
|
AFFIRMATIVE
|
S+WAS/WERE+
Prst.Prtp +(Obj)
|
D.Obj+WAS/WERE+BEING+V3RD
+ (BY+S)
|
EXAMPLE
|
He was beating the
child mercilessly.
|
The child was being
beaten mercilessly by him.
|
NEGETIVE
|
S+WAS/WERE+ NOT+
Prst.Prtp +(Obj)
|
D.Obj+WAS/WERE+NOT+BEING+V3RD
+ (BY+S)
|
EXAMPLE
|
He was not beating
the child mercilessly.
|
The child was not being
beaten mercilessly by him.
|
INTERROGATIVE
|
WAS/WERE+S+
Prst.Prtp + (Obj)?
|
WAS/WERE+D.Obj+BEING+V3RD+
(BY+S)?
|
EXAMPLE
|
Was he beating the
child mercilessly?
|
Was the child being
beaten mercilessly by him?
|
USES
|
1.
To describe a continued action or habit in the past.
|
PRACTICE
EXERCISE
ACTIVE VOICE
|
PASSIVE VOICE
|
|
i
|
Carpenter was polishing the
sofa when it began to rain.
|
The sofa was being polished
when it began to rain.
|
ii
|
||
iii
|
Residents were shouting slogans
against the authorities due to price-hike.
|
Slogans were being shouted
against the authorities due to price-hike.
|
PERFECT
STRUCTURE
|
ACTIVE
VOICE
|
PASSIVE
VOICE
|
AFFIRMATIVE
|
S+HAD+V3RD
+(Obj)
|
D.Obj+HAD+BEEN+V3RD
+ (BY+S)
|
EXAMPLE
|
We had lost our
eastern wing by the end of 1971.
|
Our eastern wing
had been lost by the end of 1971.
|
NEGETIVE
|
S+HAD+ NOT+V3RD
+(Obj)
|
D.Obj+HAD+NOT+BEEN+V3RD
+ (BY+S)
|
EXAMPLE
|
We had not lost our
eastern wing by the end of 1971.
|
Our eastern wing
had not been lost by the end of 1971.
|
INTERROGATIVE
|
HAD+
|
HAD+D.Obj+BEEN+V3RD+
(BY+S)?
|
EXAMPLE
|
Had we lost our
eastern wing by the end of 1971?
|
Had our eastern
wing been lost by the end of 1971?
|
USES
|
1.
To describe an action, that took place before another
event, in the past.
2.
Used in indirectly narrating reported speech of the
past.
|
NOTES SPECIFICALLY FOR PAST PERFECT TENSES
1.
‘Had’ is used as a helping verb in past perfect tense.
2.
Consider this sentence carefully, “I had had the lunch
at noon .”
In this
sentence, the first ‘had’ is helping verb and the second ‘had’ is used in place
of 3rd form of the Main Verb.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Note: It is only formed in Active
Voice.
STRUCTURE
|
ACTIVE
VOICE
|
AFFIRMATIVE
|
S+HAD+BEEN+
Prst.Prtp + Obj + TIME CLAUSE1
|
EXAMPLE
|
I
had been giving tuition since my school days.
|
NEGETIVE
|
S+HAD+NOT
+BEEN + Prst.Prtp + Obj +TIME CLAUSE1
|
EXAMPLE
|
I had not been giving tuitions since
my school days.
|
INTERROGATIVE
|
HAD+S+
BEEN+ Prst.Prtp +Obj+ TIME CLAUSE1?
|
EXAMPLE
|
Had
I not been giving tuitions since my school days?
|
USES
|
1.
To describe earlier of the two actions of the past.
|
NOTES SPECIFICALLY FOR PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES
1.
All rules are similar as that of Present Perfect
Continuous tense.
FUTURE TENSES
Rule#12
The chief characteristic of all Future
Tenses is the presence of ‘Modal Verbs.’
MODAL VERBS
Modal Verbs are similar to Auxiliary
Verbs. They are used with main verbs to give additional meaning to Main Verb.
They survive in two forms only. Following chart further explain the meanings of
various Modal Verbs.
1st
form
|
Explanation
|
2nd
form
|
Explanation
|
Will
|
Definite
future chance
|
Would
|
Condition
|
Shall
|
Future
with emphasis
|
Should
|
Advice,
obligation, prediction
|
Can
|
Possibility,
ability, Permission
|
Could
|
Possibility/ability
in past
|
May
|
Possibility,
permission
|
Might
|
Probability
|
SOME OTHER AUXILIARY VERBS
ACTING AS MODALS
Here are some
more Auxiliary Verbs which act like Modals, but they survive only in one form.
1.
Must = Necessity or logical
conclusion.
2.
Have to (has/had
to) = Compulsion.
3.
Going to = Actions
already decided.
4. Need (Needed) = Requirement.
5. Ought to = Should,
advice.
Rule #13
“Whichever
form of the Modal verb is used, it is always followed by the first form
(dictionary form) of the Main Verb.”
INDEFINIE/SIMPLE
STRUCTURE
|
ACTIVE
VOICE
|
PASSIVE
VOICE
|
AFFIRMATIVE
|
S+MV+V1ST +Obj
|
D.Obj+MV+BE+V3RD+(BY+S)
|
EXAMPLE
|
Crowd can boost the
morale of the team.
|
The morale of the
team can be boosted by crowd.
|
NEGETIVE
|
S+MV+NOT+V1ST+Obj
|
D.Obj+MV+NOT+BE+V3RD+
(BY+S)
|
EXAMPLE
|
Crowd cannot boost
the morale of the team.
|
The morale of the
team cannot be boosted by crowd.
|
INTERROGATIVE
|
MV +S+ +V1ST+Obj?
|
MV+D.Obj+ +BE+V3RD+(BY+S)?
|
EXAMPLE
|
Can crowd boost the
morale of the team?
|
Can the morale of
the team boosted by crowd?
|
USES
|
1.
To show a certain action to be completed in future.
|
NOTES SPECIFICALLY FOR FUTURE INDEFINITE
TENSES
1.
No need to change the form on Modal Verb unless
otherwise necessary.
2.
The word ‘be’ is used as a helping Verb in Passive
Voice.
PRACTICE
EXERCISE
ACTIVE VOICE
|
PASSIVE VOICE
|
|
i
|
The doctor is going to
vaccinate me tomorrow.
|
I am going to be vaccinated
tomorrow.
|
ii
|
You must not write your name
inside answer sheet.
|
Your name must not be written
inside answer sheet.
|
iii
|
A qualified engineer ought to build
structures.
|
Structures ought to be built by
a qualified engineer.
|
iv
|
One should respect elders and
love younger ones.
|
Elders should be respected and
younger ones should be loved.
|
v
|
We must look after orphans so
they can get a respectable place in society.
|
Orphans must be looked after so
that a respectable place can be got by them in society.
|
CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE
Note: Prst.Prtp (V1st+ing) is included in all
continuous tenses
Passive
Voice is not possible for Future continuous tense.
STRUCTURE
|
ACTIVE
VOICE
|
AFFIRMATIVE
|
S+MV+BE+
Prst.Prtp +Obj
|
EXAMPLE
|
It
will be raining in monsoon
|
NEGETIVE
|
S+MV+NOT+BE+
Prst.Prtp +Obj
|
EXAMPLE
|
It
will not be raining in monsoon
|
INTERROGATIVE
|
MV+S+
BE+ Prst.Prtp +Obj?
|
EXAMPLE
|
Will
it not be raining in monsoon?
|
USES
|
1.
To mention
action that will be in progress in future.
2.
To mention
expected future actions
|
NOTES SPECIFICALLY FOR FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSES
1.
The word ‘be’ is used as an Auxiliary Verb, i.e. it is
acting as a Main Verb.
2.
If the Modal ‘going to’ is used in Future Continuous,
it is preceded by present form of ‘be.’ E.g. ‘The patient is
going to die.’
PERFECT
STRUCTURE
|
ACTIVE
VOICE
|
PASSIVE
VOICE
|
AFFIRMATIVE
|
D.Obj+MV1+HAVE+BEEN+V3RD+(BY+S)
|
|
EXAMPLE
|
By the end of this
month, we shall have achieved our goal.
|
By the end of this
month, our goals shall have been achieved.
|
NEGETIVE
|
S+ MV+NOT+ HAVE+V 3RD+Obj.
|
D.Obj+MV+NOT+HAVE+BEEN+V3RD+ (BY+S)
|
EXAMPLE
|
By the end of this
month, we shall not have achieved our goal.
|
By the end of this
month, our goals shall not have been achieved.
|
INTERROGATIVE
|
MV+S+ HAVE+ V 3RD+Obj?
|
MV+D.Obj+HAVE+BEEN+V3RD+ (BY+S)?
|
EXAMPLE
|
By the end of this
month, shall we have achieved our goal?
|
By the end of this
month, shall our goals have been achieved?
|
USES
|
1. To indicate a
certain action that will be completed by a certain time in future.
|
NOTES SPECIFICALLY FOR FUTURE PERFECT TENSES
1.
The Modal Verbs to be used in these tenses are only
‘Will (would)/Shall (should)/Can (could)/May (might)’.
2.
‘Have’ is used as a helping verb. ‘Has/Had’ cannot be
used directly after a Modal Verb in any case.
PRACTICE
EXERCISE
ACTIVE VOICE
|
PASSIVE VOICE
|
|
i
|
An artist must have decorated
this lovely flat.
|
This lovely flat must have been
decorated by an artist.
|
ii
|
A financer shall have lent a
car to me for the week.
|
A car shall have been lent to
me for a week.
|
iii
|
Will you have purchased a new
house next year?
|
Will a new house have been
purchased by you next year?
|
iv
|
In recent future, people will
have created their own power generators.
|
Own power generators will have
been created in the recent future.
|
v
|
The officer will have selected
the right candidate soon.
|
The right candidate will have
been selected soon.
|
PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
Note: Passive Voice is not possible for Future continuous
tense.
The Modal Verbs to be used in these tenses are only ‘Will
(would)/ Shall (should).
STRUCTURE
|
ACTIVE
VOICE
|
AFFIRMATIVE
|
S+
MV1+HAVE+BEEN+ Prst.Prtp +Obj +TC
|
EXAMPLE
|
I
will have been working for three years by next month.
|
NEGETIVE
|
S+
MV+HAVE+NOT+BEEN+ Prst.Prtp +Obj +TC
|
EXAMPLE
|
I
will have not been working for three years by next month.
|
INTERROGATIVE
|
MV+
S+HAVE+BEEN+ Prst.Prtp +Obj +TC?
|
EXAMPLE
|
Will
I have been working for three years by next month?
|
USES
|
1.
The use of this tense is not very common.
|
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