PARTS OF SPEECH
1) Nouns 2) Pronouns 3) Verbs
4) Adverbs 5) Adjectives 6) Prepositions
7) Articles 8) Conjunctions 9) Interjections
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VERBS
Verb is the word
that expresses “Action”, “Experience” or “Existence.”
MODEL SENTENCES
|
VERB WORD
|
|
ACTION
|
The sound of fan bothers my concentration.
|
Bother(s)
|
EXPERIENCE
|
Sindh has a very humid climate.
|
Has
|
EXISTENCE
|
All of us are equal citizens of
|
Are
|
Rule#1
“Every complete
sentence must have a Main Verb. A Sentence
cannot survive without a verb.”
Rule#2
“Every simple
sentence must have one and only one Main Verb. It may or may not have Helping,
Auxiliary or Modal Verbs.”
FORMS
OF VERBS.
Verb has three forms
only. They are:
1.
Present Form (1st Form)
2.
Past Form (2nd Form)
3.
Past Participle Form (3rd Form)
Present form is also called
dictionary form. Usually, the Past and Past Participle forms are made by adding
“ed” after the first form of the verb. However, there are some forms for which
this rule doesn’t apply. Some examples are given below:
1st Form
|
2nd Form
|
3rd Form
|
1st Form
|
2nd Form
|
3rd Form
|
Become
|
Became
|
Become
|
Begin
|
Began
|
Begun
|
Break
|
Broke
|
Broken
|
Choose
|
Chose
|
|
Cut
|
Cut
|
Cut
|
Do
|
Did
|
Done
|
Draw
|
Drew
|
Drawn
|
Drink
|
Drank
|
Drunk
|
Eat
|
Ate
|
Eaten
|
Fall
|
Fell
|
Fallen
|
Fly
|
Flew
|
Flown
|
Forget
|
Forgot
|
Forgotten
|
Get
|
Got
|
Gotten(Got)
|
Give
|
Gave
|
Given
|
Go
|
Went
|
Gone
|
Hide
|
Hid
|
Hidden
|
Know
|
Knew
|
Known
|
Run
|
Ran
|
Run
|
See
|
Saw
|
Seen
|
Show
|
Showed
|
Shown
|
Sing
|
Sang
|
Sung
|
Speak
|
Spoke
|
Spoken
|
Swim
|
Swam
|
Swum
|
Take
|
Took
|
Taken
|
Wear
|
Wore
|
Worn
|
Weave
|
Wove
|
Woven
|
Rule#3
“Verb only
survives in these three forms, i.e. 1st, 2nd &3rd.”
Any other form may appear like
verb but it doesn’t act like verb in grammar. It maybe some other part of
speech like noun or adjective. They are called Verbal.
Some examples of Verbal are as
follows:
- Gerunds: These are “Verb Words" that are made by adding “ing” after 1st form of the Verb. They are also called “Present Participles”. Remember that, Gerunds or Present Participles are not Main Verbs. They are usually nouns or adjectives.
e.g. I hate smoking.
In
this sentence, Main Verb is ‘hate’.
- Infinitives: Infinitives are made by adding “to” before the 1st form of the Verb. Infinitives are also not Main Verbs, but nouns.
e.g. He struggles to achieve success.
In
this sentence, Main Verb is “struggle(s)”.
HELPING
VERBS
Helping Verbs supports the main verb in a sentence. They
clarify the meanings in more accurate and perfect sense. Following is the division
of main helping verbs used in grammar.
PERSENT
|
PAST
|
PAST PARTICIPLE
|
|
BE
|
IS, AM, ARE
|
WAS, WERE
|
BEEN
|
HAVE
|
HAVE, HAS
|
HAD
|
HAD
|
DO
|
DO, DOES
|
DID
|
DONE
|
Rule#4
“3rd
Form of the verb is always used with Helping Verb(s).”
AUXILIARY
VERBS
When in the absence of a Main Verb, a helping Verb acts like
a Main Verb, it is called an Auxiliary Verb.
ACTIVE
AND PASSIVE VOICE
As you know that there are twelve tenses in grammar. All of
these tenses can be formed into Active Voice, but only eight tenses could be
changed into Passive Voice.
Rule#5
Only those tenses
could be changed into passive whose Main Verb is showing “Action on an Object”.
In other words, only transitive verbs have a passive voice
possible.
Examples
 |
Light shades make many people relax.
Never under estimate anyone.
Students are making unions
nowadays.
You can win a heart by patience.
 |
I am going to appear in exam soon.
Necessity is the mother of invention.
What is your name?
Note: The easiest way of deciding about transitive or
intransitive verbs is to identify the object on which work is going on.
Transitive Verbs must have some Object.
Rule#6
Passive
voice is only possible for following tenses:
1.
Present Indefinite, Continuous and Perfect tenses;
2.
Past Indefinite,
Continuous and Perfect tenses; and,
3.
Future Indefinite and Perfect tenses.
Rule#7
“In Passive Voice,
Past Participle (3rd form of Verb) is always used.”
DISTINCTION BETWEEN USE OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
VOICES
§
Active voice is used where the emphasis is on
“Subject” who is the “Actor or Doer” of the sentence.
e.g. Accountant prepares the balance sheet
annually.
In
the above sentence, the point-of-importance is the person doing the work i.e.
“Accountant.”
Active Voice is usually the answer of this question: Who
does the work?
§
Passive voice is used where the emphasis is on
“Object” on which the work is done.
e.g. The balance sheet is prepared annually
(by the accountant).
In
the above sentence, the point-of-importance is the work going on i.e.
“Preparation of Balance sheet.” The creator of this sentence is not much
interested in telling that who is doing the work.
Passive Voice is generally the answer of: What is being
done?
Rule#8
“Active Voice is
used where “Subject” is of primary importance. Passive voice is used where
“Object” is of primary importance.”
Rule#9
“In Passive Voice,
don’t mention the “Subject” if it is not necessary.”
STRUCTURE
OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE TENSES
Rule#10
“Passive Voice normally begins
with Direct Object.”
Caution: In some sentences, you may find more than
one D.Obj
Rule#11
In Passive Voice,
the case of pronoun is changed according to its place. Refer to “CASES OF
PRONOUNS”.
SOME BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
§
Subject (S): It is the ‘Actor’ or ‘Doer’
of a sentence
§
Object (O): It is the person or thing on
which the work is done.
§
Direct Object (D.Obj): It is the
immediate object on which the work is directly taking place. E.g. “I solve two
accounting questions daily from my practice book”.
In the above sentence, the thing which is being directly
done is “accounting questions.” Hence it is the Direct Object.
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