if (end == -1) English Grammar lecture thirteen

Friday, September 5, 2014

English Grammar lecture thirteen

 Welcome to Learn English Grammar In this lecture you will Learn 

PATTERN OF GRAMMAR Adjectives and Adverbs

adjective and adverb.jpg
                    

Adjectives and Adverbs

What are adjectives?

1. An adjective is a word which modifies a noun or a pronoun. In the example below:
He's got a beautiful car
beautiful is an adjective modifying car (it gives more information about the noun car.)
2. Adjectives may come before a noun
He found a nice job
3. Adjectives may also come after certain verbs like be, feel, seem, look:
He is intelligent
I feel happy
She seems unhappy
They look fantastic

Adjectives versus adverbs

A distinction must be made between adjectives and adverbs.
1. An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun.
She lives in a big house.
2. An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
She sings well
Her house is very big
She did it really well

Comparatives and Superlatives

Forming regular comparatives and superlatives

  1. We use comparatives to compare two things or two people. (e.g She is taller than her husband.)
  2. Superlatives are used, however, to compare to show the difference between more than two things or more than two people. (e.g Paris is the biggest city in France)
  3. To form comparatives and superlatives you need to know the number of syllables in the adjective. Syllables are like "sound beats".
For instance:
  • "find" contains one syllable,
  • but "finding" contains two — find and ing.

Sentences with comparisons

Our car is as fast as Peter's car.

Similarities

To express similarities use the following structure:
... as + adjective + as ...
 Examples:
  • Mike is as intelligent as Nancy.
  • Larry is as popular as Oprah.
a) John's car isn't as fast as our car. (A<B)
b) Our car is faster than John's car. (A>B)
Our car is faster than Peter's car.
Peter's car is slower than our car.

How to use comparatives and superlatives

Comparatives
Superlatives
Comparatives are used to compare two things or two people:
Alan is taller than John.
Superlatives are used to compare more than two things or two people. Superlative sentences usually use 'the':
Alan is the most intelligent.

A - Comparison with -er/-est

clean - cleaner - (the) cleanest
We use -er/-est with the following adjectives:
1) adjectives with one syllable
clean
cleaner
cleanest
new
newer
newest
cheap
cheaper
cheapest

2) adjectives with two syllables and the following endings:

2 - 1) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y
dirty
dirtier
dirtiest
easy
easier
easiest
happy
happier
happiest
pretty
prettier
prettiest
2 - 2) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -er
clever
cleverer
cleverest
2 - 3) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -le
simple
simpler
simplest
2 - 4) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -ow
narrow
narrower
narrowest

 

Spelling of the adjectives using the endings -er/-est
large
larger
largest
leave out the silent -e
big
bigger
biggest
Double the consonant after short vowel
sad
sadder
saddest
dirty
dirtier
dirtiest
Change -y to -i (consonant before -y)
shy
shyer
shyest
Here -y is not changed to -i.
(although consonant before -y)

B - Comparison with more - most

difficult - more difficult - (the) most difficult
all adjectives with more than one syllable (except some adjectives with two syllables - see 2 - 1 to 2 - 4)

C - Irregular adjectives

good
better
best

bad
worse
worst

much
more
most
uncountable nouns
many
more
most
countable nouns
little
less
least

little
smaller
smallest

far(distance)
farther
farthest

far(extent)
further
furthest


D - Special adjectives

Some adjectives have two possible forms of comparison.
common
commoner / more common
commonest / most common
likely
likelier / more likely
likeliest / most likely
pleasant
pleasanter / more pleasant
pleasantest / most pleasant
polite
politer / more polite
politest / most polite
simple
simpler / more simple
simplest / most simple
stupid
stupider / more stupid
stupidest / most stupid
subtle
subtler / more subtle
subtlest
sure
surer / more sure
surest / most sure


Examples:
  • The Nile River is longer and more famous than the Thames.
  • Egypt is much hotter than Sweden.
  • Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
  • This is one of the most exciting films I have ever seen.

Adverbs
Adverbs tell us in what way someone does something. Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
Adjectives tell us something about a person or a thing. Adjectives can modify nouns or pronouns.
Adjective
Adverb
Mandy is a careful girl.
Mandy drives carefully.
Mandy is very careful.

Mandy is a careful driver. This sentence is about Mandy, the driver, so use the adjective.
Mandy drives carefully. This sentence is about her way of driving, so use the adverb.
Form
Adjective + -ly
Adjective
Adverb
dangerous
dangerously
careful
carefully
nice
nicely
easy
easily
horrible
horribly
electronic
electronically
irregular forms
good
well
fast
fast
hard
hard
If the adjective ends in -le, the adverb ends in -ly.
Example: terrible - terribly
If the adjective ends in -e, then add -ly.
Example: safe - safely
Tip: Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs.
adjectives ending in -ly: friendly, silly, lonely, ugly
nouns, ending in -ly: ally, bully, Italy, melancholy
verbs, ending in -ly: apply, rely, supply
There is no adverb for an adjective ending in -ly.
Types of adverbs
Adverbs of manner describe how something happens. Where there are two or more verbs in a sentence, adverb placement affects the meaning. Some commonly used adverbs of manner include:
Carefully, correctly, eagerly, easily, fast, loudly, patiently, quickly, quietly, and well.
Consider the following example:
She decided to write her paper. (no adverbs)
She quickly decided to write her paper. (her decision was quick)
She decided to write her paper quickly. (her writing was quick)

Adverbs of place describe where something happens. Most adverbs of place are also used as prepositions. Some commonly used examples include the following:
Abroad, anywhere, downstairs, here, home, in, nowhere, out, outside, somewhere, there, underground, upstairs.
I wanted to go upstairs.
She has lived in the city since June. (in the city – prepositional phrase)
Adverbs of purpose describe why something happens. Here are some common examples:
So, so that, to, in order to, because, since, accidentally, intentionally, and purposely.
Jenny walks carefully to avoid falling.
Bob accidentally broke the vase.
Adverbs of frequency describe how often something happens. The following adverbs are commonly used in this way:
Always, frequently, usually, every,  normally, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, never.
100%  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------→0%
Mackenzie gets a ride from her brother every day.
The fish usually swims near the top of its tank.

Adverbs of time describe when something happens. These examples are commonly used:
After, already, during, finally, just, last, later, next, now, recently, soon, then, tomorrow, when, while, and yesterday.
He came home before dark.
It will be too dark to play outside soon.
Jessica finished her supper first.
Andy left school early.

Die comparison of adverbs in English

A - Comparison with -er/-est

hard - harder - (the) hardest
We use -er/-est with the following adverbs:

1) all adverbs with one syllable

fast
faster
fastest
high
higher
highest

2) The adverb: early

B - Comparison with more - most

carefully - more carefully - (the) most carefully
Adverbs ending on -ly (not: early)

C - Irregular adverbs

well
better
best
badly
worse
worst
much
more
most
little
less
least
late
later
last
far
farther
further
farthest
furthest

Attention!
In informal English some adverbs are used without -ly (e.g. cheap, loud, quick). There are two forms of comparison possible, depending on the form of the adverb:
cheaply - more cheaply - most cheaply
cheap - cheaper - cheapest
The position of adverbs in sentences
We can put adverbs in different positions in sentences. There are three main positions but also a lot of exceptions.
In English we never put an adverb between the verb and the object.
We often play handball. - CORRECT
We play often handball. - WRONG

The three main positions of adverbs in English sentences
1) Adverb at the beginning of a sentence
Unfortunately, we could not see Mount Snowdon.
2) Adverb in the middle of a sentence
The children often ride their bikes.
3) Adverb at the end of a sentence
Andy reads a comic every afternoon.
More than one adverb at the end of a sentence
If there are more adverbs at the end of a sentence, the word order is normally:
Manner - Place - Time
Peter sang the song happily in the bathroom yesterday evening.
Adverbs of frequency
always, usually, regularly, normally, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, never are adverbs of frequency.
The position of these adverbs is:
before the main verb


Adverb of frequency
Verb

I

always
get up
at 6.45.
Peter
can
usually
play
football on Sundays.
Mandy
has
sometimes
got
lots of homework.

after a form of to be am, are, is (was, were)

Verb
Adverb of frequency

Susan
is
never
late.
The adverbs often, usually, sometimes and occasionally can go at the beginning of a sentence.
Sometimes I go swimming.
Often we surf the internet.
Sometimes these adverbs are put at the end of the sentence.
We read books occasionally.

The following adjectives and adverbs have the same form:
Adjective
Adverb
close
close
daily
daily
early
early
fair
fair
far
far
fast
fast
free
free
hard
hard
high
high
late
late
lively
lively
long
long
lovely
lovely
low
low
right
right
wide
wide
wrong
wrong

The following adverbs are not derived from adjectives:
Adverbs
Comment
here
adverb of place
there
today
adverb of time
now
then
still
soon
yet
often
adverb of frequency
sometimes
never
hard

hardly


These adverbs have two forms:
without -ly
with -ly
fair
fairly
free
freely
high
highly
late
lately
most
mostly
near
nearly
pretty
prettily
right
rightly
wrong
wrongly


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