PATTERN OF GRAMMAR Adjectives and Adverbs

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PATTERN OF GRAMMAR Adjectives and Adverbs

                    

Adjectives and Adverbs

What are adjectives?

1. An adjective is a word which modifies a noun or a pronoun. In the example below:

He's got a beautiful car

beautiful is an adjective modifying car (it gives more information about the noun car.)

2. Adjectives may come before a noun

He found a nice job

3. Adjectives may also come after certain verbs like be, feel, seem, look:

He is intelligent
I feel happy
She seems unhappy
They look fantastic

Adjectives versus adverbs

A distinction must be made between adjectives and adverbs.

1. An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun.

She lives in a big house.

2. An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

She sings well
Her house is very big
She did it really well

Comparatives and Superlatives

Forming regular comparatives and superlatives

1. We use comparatives to compare two things or two people. (e.g She is taller than her husband.)
2. Superlatives are used, however, to compare to show the difference between more than two things or more than two people. (e.g Paris is the biggest city in France)
3. To form comparatives and superlatives you need to know the number of syllables in the adjective. Syllables are like "sound beats".

For instance:

• "find" contains one syllable,
• but "finding" contains two — find and ing.

Sentences with comparisons

1. A=B

Our car is as fast as Peter's car.

Similarities

To express similarities use the following structure:

... as + adjective + as ...

 Examples:

• Mike is as intelligent as Nancy.
• Larry is as popular as Oprah.

2. A><B

a) John's car isn't as fast as our car. (A<B)

b) Our car is faster than John's car. (A>B)

Our car is faster than Peter's car.

Peter's car is slower than our car.

How to use comparatives and superlatives

Comparatives	Superlatives
Comparatives are used to compare two things or two people: Alan is taller than John.	Superlatives are used to compare more than two things or two people. Superlative sentences usually use 'the': Alan is the most intelligent.

A - Comparison with -er/-est

clean - cleaner - (the) cleanest

We use -er/-est with the following adjectives:

1) adjectives with one syllable

clean	cleaner	cleanest
new	newer	newest
cheap	cheaper	cheapest

2) adjectives with two syllables and the following endings:

2 - 1) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y

dirty	dirtier	dirtiest
easy	easier	easiest
happy	happier	happiest
pretty	prettier	prettiest

2 - 2) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -er

clever

cleverer

cleverest

2 - 3) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -le

simple

simpler

simplest

2 - 4) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -ow

narrow

narrower

narrowest

 

Spelling of the adjectives using the endings -er/-est

large	larger	largest	leave out the silent -e
big	bigger	biggest	Double the consonant after short vowel
sad	sadder	saddest
dirty	dirtier	dirtiest	Change -y to -i (consonant before -y)
shy	shyer	shyest	Here -y is not changed to -i. (although consonant before -y)

B - Comparison with more - most

difficult - more difficult - (the) most difficult

all adjectives with more than one syllable (except some adjectives with two syllables - see 2 - 1 to 2 - 4)

C - Irregular adjectives

good	better	best
bad	worse	worst
much	more	most	uncountable nouns
many	more	most	countable nouns
little	less	least
little	smaller	smallest
far(distance)	farther	farthest
far(extent)	further	furthest

D - Special adjectives

Some adjectives have two possible forms of comparison.

common	commoner / more common	commonest / most common
likely	likelier / more likely	likeliest / most likely
pleasant	pleasanter / more pleasant	pleasantest / most pleasant
polite	politer / more polite	politest / most polite
simple	simpler / more simple	simplest / most simple
stupid	stupider / more stupid	stupidest / most stupid
subtle	subtler / more subtle	subtlest
sure	surer / more sure	surest / most sure

Examples:

• The Nile River is longer and more famous than the Thames.
• Egypt is much hotter than Sweden.
• Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
• This is one of the most exciting films I have ever seen.

Adverbs

Adverbs tell us in what way someone does something. Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.

Adjectives tell us something about a person or a thing. Adjectives can modify nouns or pronouns.

Adjective	Adverb
Mandy is a careful girl.	Mandy drives carefully.
Mandy is very careful.

Mandy is a careful driver. This sentence is about Mandy, the driver, so use the adjective.

Mandy drives carefully. This sentence is about her way of driving, so use the adverb.

Form

Adjective + -ly

Adjective	Adverb
dangerous	dangerously
careful	carefully
nice	nicely
easy	easily
horrible	horribly
electronic	electronically
irregular forms
good	well
fast	fast
hard	hard

If the adjective ends in -le, the adverb ends in -ly.
Example: terrible - terribly

If the adjective ends in -e, then add -ly.
Example: safe - safely

Tip: Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs.

adjectives ending in -ly: friendly, silly, lonely, ugly
nouns, ending in -ly: ally, bully, Italy, melancholy
verbs, ending in -ly: apply, rely, supply

There is no adverb for an adjective ending in -ly.

Types of adverbs

Adverbs of manner describe how something happens. Where there are two or more verbs in a sentence, adverb placement affects the meaning. Some commonly used adverbs of manner include:

Carefully, correctly, eagerly, easily, fast, loudly, patiently, quickly, quietly, and well.

Consider the following example:

She decided to write her paper. (no adverbs)
She quickly decided to write her paper. (her decision was quick)
She decided to write her paper quickly. (her writing was quick)

Adverbs of place describe where something happens. Most adverbs of place are also used as prepositions. Some commonly used examples include the following:

Abroad, anywhere, downstairs, here, home, in, nowhere, out, outside, somewhere, there, underground, upstairs.

I wanted to go upstairs.
She has lived in the city since June. (in the city – prepositional phrase)

Adverbs of purpose describe why something happens. Here are some common examples:

So, so that, to, in order to, because, since, accidentally, intentionally, and purposely.

Jenny walks carefully to avoid falling.
Bob accidentally broke the vase.

Adverbs of frequency describe how often something happens. The following adverbs are commonly used in this way:

Always, frequently, usually, every,  normally, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, never.

100%  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------→0%

Mackenzie gets a ride from her brother every day.
The fish usually swims near the top of its tank.

Adverbs of time describe when something happens. These examples are commonly used:

After, already, during, finally, just, last, later, next, now, recently, soon, then, tomorrow, when, while, and yesterday.

He came home before dark.
It will be too dark to play outside soon.
Jessica finished her supper first.
Andy left school early.

Die comparison of adverbs in English

A - Comparison with -er/-est

hard - harder - (the) hardest

We use -er/-est with the following adverbs:

1) all adverbs with one syllable

fast	faster	fastest
high	higher	highest

2) The adverb: early

B - Comparison with more - most

carefully - more carefully - (the) most carefully

Adverbs ending on -ly (not: early)

C - Irregular adverbs

well	better	best
badly	worse	worst
much	more	most
little	less	least
late	later	last
far	farther further	farthest furthest

Attention!
In informal English some adverbs are used without -ly (e.g. cheap, loud, quick). There are two forms of comparison possible, depending on the form of the adverb:
cheaply - more cheaply - most cheaply
cheap - cheaper - cheapest

The position of adverbs in sentences

We can put adverbs in different positions in sentences. There are three main positions but also a lot of exceptions.

In English we never put an adverb between the verb and the object.

We often play handball. - CORRECT

We play often handball. - WRONG

The three main positions of adverbs in English sentences

1) Adverb at the beginning of a sentence

Unfortunately, we could not see Mount Snowdon.

2) Adverb in the middle of a sentence

The children often ride their bikes.

3) Adverb at the end of a sentence

Andy reads a comic every afternoon.

More than one adverb at the end of a sentence

If there are more adverbs at the end of a sentence, the word order is normally:

Manner - Place - Time

Peter sang the song happily in the bathroom yesterday evening.

Adverbs of frequency

always, usually, regularly, normally, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, never are adverbs of frequency.

The position of these adverbs is:

before the main verb

		Adverb of frequency	Verb
I		always	get up	at 6.45.
Peter	can	usually	play	football on Sundays.
Mandy	has	sometimes	got	lots of homework.

after a form of to be am, are, is (was, were)

	Verb	Adverb of frequency
Susan	is	never	late.

The adverbs often, usually, sometimes and occasionally can go at the beginning of a sentence.
Sometimes I go swimming.
Often we surf the internet.

Sometimes these adverbs are put at the end of the sentence.
We read books occasionally.

The following adjectives and adverbs have the same form:

Adjective	Adverb
close	close
daily	daily
early	early
fair	fair
far	far
fast	fast
free	free
hard	hard
high	high
late	late
lively	lively
long	long
lovely	lovely
low	low
right	right
wide	wide
wrong	wrong

The following adverbs are not derived from adjectives:

Adverbs	Comment
here	adverb of place
there
today	adverb of time
now
then
still
soon
yet
often	adverb of frequency
sometimes
never
hard
hardly

These adverbs have two forms:

without -ly	with -ly
fair	fairly
free	freely
high	highly
late	lately
most	mostly
near	nearly
pretty	prettily
right	rightly
wrong	wrongly

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