ENGLISH GRAMMAR LESSON SIX

NOUNS

“Noun is the name of a person, place or thing.”

NOTES ON NOUNS

1. Nouns may be countable or uncountable. They can be common or proper.
2. Countable nouns can be singular or plural.
3. Uncountable nouns are generally singular only.
4. Infinitives (to+ V1^st) are uncountable nouns.
5. Gerunds (V1^st+ing) may be countable or uncountable nouns.
6. “Collective Nouns” are single nouns representing a whole class or group. E.g.    audience, faculty, family, group, class, committee, staff, team, people(not single) .
7. “Abstract Nouns” are names of such things or feelings which are intangible .e.g., beauty, anger, smartness, faithfulness, elegance etc. Abstract nouns are uncountable, hence are single.

8.  ADDITION OF NOUNS

If two or more singular nouns are joined by ‘and’, they become plural. If two or more singular nouns are joined by ‘or’, they remain singular.

EXAMPLE

“India and Pakistan are arch rivals. Usually, either India or Pakistan starts war.”

      9.  SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

It is essential that the Verb of a sentence should be single if the subject is single and vice verse.

EXAMPLE

Incorrect:    Jinnah hospital, the largest of government hospitals, have many doctors.

Correct:      Jinnah hospital, the largest of government run hospitals, has many doctors.

PRONOUNS

“Pronouns are the words used instead of a noun.”

The reference noun, represented by a pronoun, is called “antecedent of the pronoun.”      

Appropriate Case of Pronoun must be placed carefully in the sentence. Pronouns can be personal or impersonal.

CASES OF PRONOUNS

PER- SONS	CASE		SUBJECTIVE/ NOMINATIVE	OBJECTIVE/ ACCUSATIVE	POSSESSIVE/ GENITIVE	REFLEXIVE/ EMPHATIC
1ST	Single		I	ME	MY/MINE	MYSELF
	Plural		WE	US	OUR	OURSELVES
2ND			YOU	YOU	YOUR	YOURSELF
3RD		Single -------- Plural	HE (Masculine)	HIM	HIS	HIMSELF
			SHE (Feminine)	HER	HER	HERSELF
			IT (Neutral)	IT/THAT	ITS	ITSELF
			THEY	THEM	THEIR	THEMSELVES
IMPERSON-AL PRONOUNS			WHO	WHOM	WHOSE	WHOMSELF
			ONE	ONE	ONE’S	ONESELF
			THIS	THAT	ITS	ITSELF

 NOTES FOR PRONOUNS.

1. While changing Voice of a sentence, change the case of pronoun accordingly.
2. 2^nd person pronoun is used both as single and plural.
3. Impersonal Pronouns are used where the antecedent is not specific or known.

 

ADJECTIVES

“Adjectives and adjective phrases describe nouns.”

They may be used to describe:

Quantity/Sufficiency                  :           How many/much quantity? (Number/Amount)

Consecutive order                    :           In Which way? (Order in a sequence)

Quality                                     :           Of What type?  (Appearance)

Emphasis                                  :           How? (Importance or Force)

Note: Some Adjectives are Comparative, which are in three degrees.

DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES

POSITIVE	COMPAR-ITIVE	SUPER-LATIVE	POSITIVE	COMPAR-ITIVE	SUPERL-ATIVE
Good	Better	Best	Bad	Worse	Worst
Much/Many	More	Most	Small	Smaller	Smallest
Far	Farther	Furthest	Up	Upper	Uppermost
Old	Older	Oldest	Large	Larger	Largest

 Some adjectives are absolute i.e. they are not comparable, e.g. first, yellow, little, some, all, no.

ADJECTIVE PHRASES

Adjective phrases are combination of adjective and preposition(s). E.g.

§      A large amount of

§      A large number of

§      Almost all of the

§      As many as

§      As much as

§      Different from/ Differ from

§      Few/a few

§      Less than

§      Little/a little

§      More than

§      Not any

§      One of the

§      Only a few

§      Only a little

§      Some of the

§      Similar to/Similar

§      The same/ The same as

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