if (end == -1) ENGLISH GRAMMAR LESSON SIX

Thursday, October 9, 2014

ENGLISH GRAMMAR LESSON SIX

NOUNS
“Noun is the name of a person, place or thing.”

NOTES ON NOUNS
  1. Nouns may be countable or uncountable. They can be common or proper.
  2. Countable nouns can be singular or plural.
  3. Uncountable nouns are generally singular only.
  4. Infinitives (to+ V1st) are uncountable nouns.
  5. Gerunds (V1st+ing) may be countable or uncountable nouns.
  6. “Collective Nouns” are single nouns representing a whole class or group. E.g.    audience, faculty, family, group, class, committee, staff, team, people(not single) .
  7. “Abstract Nouns” are names of such things or feelings which are intangible .e.g., beauty, anger, smartness, faithfulness, elegance etc. Abstract nouns are uncountable, hence are single.
8.  ADDITION OF NOUNS
If two or more singular nouns are joined by ‘and’, they become plural. If two or more singular nouns are joined by ‘or’, they remain singular.
EXAMPLE
India and Pakistan are arch rivals. Usually, either India or Pakistan starts war.”
      9.  SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
It is essential that the Verb of a sentence should be single if the subject is single and vice verse.
EXAMPLE
Incorrect:    Jinnah hospital, the largest of government hospitals, have many doctors.
Correct:      Jinnah hospital, the largest of government run hospitals, has many doctors.

PRONOUNS
“Pronouns are the words used instead of a noun.”
The reference noun, represented by a pronoun, is called “antecedent of the pronoun.”      
Appropriate Case of Pronoun must be placed carefully in the sentence. Pronouns can be personal or impersonal.
CASES OF PRONOUNS
PER-
SONS
CASE
SUBJECTIVE/
NOMINATIVE
OBJECTIVE/
ACCUSATIVE
POSSESSIVE/
GENITIVE
REFLEXIVE/
EMPHATIC
1ST
Single
I
ME
MY/MINE
MYSELF
Plural
WE
US
OUR
OURSELVES
2ND
YOU
YOU
YOUR
YOURSELF
3RD

Single

--------
Plural
HE (Masculine)
HIM
HIS
HIMSELF
SHE (Feminine)
HER
HER
HERSELF
IT (Neutral)
IT/THAT
ITS
ITSELF
THEY
THEM
THEIR
THEMSELVES
IMPERSON-AL PRONOUNS
WHO
WHOM
WHOSE
WHOMSELF
ONE
ONE
ONE’S
ONESELF
THIS
THAT
ITS
ITSELF
 NOTES FOR PRONOUNS.
  1. While changing Voice of a sentence, change the case of pronoun accordingly.
  2. 2nd person pronoun is used both as single and plural.
  3. Impersonal Pronouns are used where the antecedent is not specific or known.
 
ADJECTIVES
“Adjectives and adjective phrases describe nouns.”

They may be used to describe:
Quantity/Sufficiency                  :           How many/much quantity? (Number/Amount)
Consecutive order                    :           In Which way? (Order in a sequence)
Quality                                     :           Of What type?  (Appearance)
Emphasis                                  :           How? (Importance or Force)
Note: Some Adjectives are Comparative, which are in three degrees.
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES
POSITIVE
COMPAR-ITIVE
SUPER-LATIVE
POSITIVE
COMPAR-ITIVE
SUPERL-ATIVE
Good
Better
Best
Bad
Worse
Worst
Much/Many
More
Most
Small
Smaller
Smallest
Far
Farther
Furthest
Up
Upper
Uppermost
Old
Older
Oldest
Large
Larger
Largest
 Some adjectives are absolute i.e. they are not comparable, e.g. first, yellow, little, some, all, no.

ADJECTIVE PHRASES
Adjective phrases are combination of adjective and preposition(s). E.g.


§      A large amount of
§      A large number of
§      Almost all of the
§      As many as
§      As much as
§      Different from/ Differ from
§      Few/a few
§      Less than
§      Little/a little
§      More than
§      Not any
§      One of the
§      Only a few
§      Only a little
§      Some of the
§      Similar to/Similar
§      The same/ The same as


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