NOUNS
“Noun is the name
of a person, place or thing.”
NOTES
ON NOUNS
- Nouns may be countable or uncountable. They can be common or proper.
- Countable nouns can be singular or plural.
- Uncountable nouns are generally singular only.
- Infinitives (to+ V1st) are uncountable nouns.
- Gerunds (V1st+ing) may be countable or uncountable nouns.
- “Collective Nouns” are single nouns representing a whole class or group. E.g. audience, faculty, family, group, class, committee, staff, team, people(not single) .
- “Abstract Nouns” are names of such things or feelings which are intangible .e.g., beauty, anger, smartness, faithfulness, elegance etc. Abstract nouns are uncountable, hence are single.
8. ADDITION OF NOUNS
If two or more singular nouns are
joined by ‘and’, they become plural. If two or more singular nouns are joined
by ‘or’, they remain singular.
EXAMPLE
“India
and Pakistan
are arch rivals. Usually, either India
or Pakistan
starts war.”
9. SUBJECT-VERB
AGREEMENT
It is essential that the Verb of
a sentence should be single if the subject is single and vice verse.
EXAMPLE
Incorrect: Jinnah hospital, the largest of government hospitals, have
many doctors.
Correct: Jinnah hospital, the largest of government run hospitals, has
many doctors.
PRONOUNS
“Pronouns are the
words used instead of a noun.”
The reference noun, represented by a pronoun, is called
“antecedent of the pronoun.”
Appropriate Case of Pronoun must be placed carefully in the
sentence. Pronouns can be personal or impersonal.
CASES
OF PRONOUNS
PER-
SONS
|
CASE
|
SUBJECTIVE/
NOMINATIVE
|
OBJECTIVE/
ACCUSATIVE
|
POSSESSIVE/
GENITIVE
|
REFLEXIVE/
EMPHATIC
|
|
1ST
|
Single
|
I
|
ME
|
MY/MINE
|
MYSELF
|
|
Plural
|
WE
|
US
|
OUR
|
OURSELVES
|
||
2ND
|
YOU
|
YOU
|
YOUR
|
YOURSELF
|
||
3RD
|
Single
--------
Plural
|
HE (Masculine)
|
HIM
|
HIS
|
HIMSELF
|
|
SHE (Feminine)
|
HER
|
HER
|
HERSELF
|
|||
IT (Neutral)
|
IT/THAT
|
ITS
|
ITSELF
|
|||
THEY
|
THEM
|
THEIR
|
THEMSELVES
|
|||
IMPERSON-AL
PRONOUNS
|
WHO
|
WHOM
|
WHOSE
|
WHOMSELF
|
||
ONE
|
ONE
|
ONE’S
|
ONESELF
|
|||
THIS
|
THAT
|
ITS
|
ITSELF
|
|||
NOTES FOR PRONOUNS.
- While changing Voice of a sentence, change the case of pronoun accordingly.
- 2nd person pronoun is used both as single and plural.
- Impersonal Pronouns are used where the antecedent is not specific or known.
ADJECTIVES
“Adjectives and
adjective phrases describe nouns.”
They may be used to describe:
Quantity/Sufficiency : How
many/much quantity? (Number/Amount)
Consecutive order :
In Which way? (Order in a
sequence)
Quality : Of What type? (Appearance)
Emphasis : How? (Importance or Force)
Note: Some Adjectives are Comparative,
which are in three degrees.
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES
POSITIVE
|
COMPAR-ITIVE
|
SUPER-LATIVE
|
POSITIVE
|
COMPAR-ITIVE
|
SUPERL-ATIVE
|
Good
|
Better
|
Best
|
Bad
|
Worse
|
Worst
|
Much/Many
|
More
|
Most
|
Small
|
Smaller
|
Smallest
|
Far
|
Farther
|
Furthest
|
Up
|
Upper
|
Uppermost
|
Old
|
Older
|
Oldest
|
Large
|
Larger
|
Largest
|
Some adjectives are absolute
i.e. they are not comparable, e.g. first, yellow, little, some,
all, no.
ADJECTIVE
PHRASES
Adjective phrases are combination of adjective and
preposition(s). E.g.
§
A large amount of
§
A large number of
§
Almost all of the
§
As many as
§
As much as
§
Different from/ Differ from
§
Few/a few
§
Less than
§
Little/a little
§
More than
§
Not any
§
One of the
§
Only a few
§
Only a little
§
Some of the
§
Similar to/Similar
§
The same/ The same as
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