CONJUNCTIONS
“Conjunction joins
words, phrases and clauses.”
Like preposition, they show relationships. Conjunctions are
of following three types:
- Coordinating Conjunctions: They include and, or, but, nor etc.
- Correlative
Conjunctions: They are
pairs of conjunctions such as both/and,
either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, whether/or
- Subordinating Conjunctions: They include as well as, as much as, as if, as long as, as soon as, otherwise, unless, even though, in order that, inasmuch as
Note: Many prepositions act like conjunctions and vice
versa.
ADVERBS
“An
adverb modifies a verb, and adjective or another adverb.”
Modifying a
verb : Marketing
department of Telenor works efficiently.
Modifying an
adjective: Bluetooth is a highly sensitive
device.
Modifying
another adverb: During rains,
traffic moves extremely cautiously.
KINDS OF ADVERBS
Adverbs are classified on the basis of questions they answer
about the modified verb, adverb or adjective. Following is the most common
classification of Adverbs:
- Adverbs of Manner: (Shows the way of work or gives the answer of ‘How?’)
Adverbs of manner usually
ends in ‘-ly.’ The can be formed from various nouns and adjectives.
NOUNS
|
ADJECTIVES
|
ADVERBS
|
NOUNS
|
ADJECTIVES
|
ADVERBS
|
Anger
|
Angry
|
Angrily
|
Attention
|
Attentive
|
Attentively
|
Beauty
|
Beautiful
|
Beautifully
|
Comfort
|
Comfortable
|
Comfortably
|
Efficiency
|
Efficient
|
Efficiently
|
Importance
|
Important
|
Importantly
|
Respect
|
Respectful
|
Respectfully
|
Patience
|
Patient
|
Patiently
|
Same
|
Similar
|
Similarly
|
Shame
|
Shameful
|
Shamefully
|
Note: Those
adjectives which end in ‘-ly’, their adverbs end in ‘-lly.’ E.g.
Beautiful=Beautifully; Respectful=Respectfully.
- Adverbs of Time: (tells a time or answers ‘When?’)
E.g. Before, Now, Late, Lastly, Soon,
Daily, Already, Never, Since, Formerly.
- Adverbs of Frequency: (Show number of times work done or ‘How often?’)
E.g. Once, twice, Often, Seldom,
Always, Never, Frequently, Again.
- Adverbs of Degree/Quantity: (Shows ‘how much?’ or ‘to what extent?’)
E.g. Too, Any, Fully, Quite, Very, So,
Rather, Enough, Partly.
- Adverbs of Affirmation & Negation:
E.g. Surely, Certainly, Not, Yes, No.
- Adverbs of Reason:
E.g. Hence, Therefore.
ADVERB PHRASES
“Adverb
phrases are combinations of adverbs and preposition.”
Note: In most cases, their meanings are idiomatic
CONJUNCTIVE
ADVERBS
A Conjunctive Adverb shows a relationship between two
independent clauses of equal importance. E.g.,
§
Consequently
§
Furthermore
§
Hence
§
However
§
Indeed
§
Instead
§
Likewise
§
Moreover
§
Nevertheless
§
Otherwise
§
Similarly
§
Still
§
Therefore
§
Thus
§
Yet
NARRATION
Reported Speech of a Direct
Narration can be changed into indirect narration by following rules.
The reporting verb is changed as
follows:
Assertive
Sentences : Speaker said to someone that…
Speaker
told that…
Interrogative
Sentences : Speaker asked if…
Speaker
asked WH…
Imperative
Sentences : Speaker advised/ordered …
Speaker
requested/wanted …
Exclamatory
Sentences : Exclaimed with emotion that…
Note: Exclamatory emotions include joy,
happiness, anger, sorrow, doubt etc.
CHANGE
IN PRONOUNS
§
The Pronouns of Reported Speech are changed with
respect to that of Reporting Verb. Case of Pronoun is also adjusted according
to requirement.
CHANGE
IN TENSE
The tense of reported speech is changed if the
reporting verb is in past (Said, asked)
§
If direct speech is in Present tense, it is
changed into corresponding Past tense.
§
If direct speech is in Past tense, it is changed
into Past perfect tense.
§
If direct speech is in Future tense, the Modal
verbs are changed to 2nd Form.
§
If direct speech is a universal truth, it
remains in present simple tense.
PUNCTUATION
RULES
§
Commas and inverted commas are removed in
indirect speech.
§
‘That’ is inserted in place of commas if the
sentence is Simple or Exclamatory.
§
‘If or Whether’ is inserted in place of commas
if sentence is YES/NO question.
§
Sign of interrogation (?) is removed in indirect
speech.
§
Sign of exclamation (!) is removed in indirect
speech.
CHANGE
IN ADVERBS
§
Several Adverbs are changed from direct to
indirect speech as follows:
DIRECT
|
INDIRECT
|
DIRECT
|
INDIRECT
|
Now
|
Then
|
Today
|
That day
|
Tomorrow
|
Next Day
|
Yesterday
|
Previous day
|
So/This
|
That
|
Last
|
Previous
|
PURPOSE/USE
OF NARRATION
§
The purpose of narration is to summarize the
original text/speech. Hence it is widely used in précis writing
EXERCISE
1. The
instructor said to trainees, “We have completed our first phase of exercise
today. We will start next one tomorrow.”
2. “It
is going to be rain very soon.” My friend said to me, “Can you lend me your
umbrella this season?”
3. Businessman
asked, “What is the expected selling price now?” Salesman replied, “Sir! The
range of prices differs from place to place. I will send you our quotation at
the earliest.” Businessman said, “Thank you, bye.”
4. “Nobody
knows the true history of Dinosaurs.” She said to us, “Can you believe they
were as large as a rock!” We replied unanimously, “Oh! We can’t believe.”
5. Receptionist
said to guest, “Welcome to our hotel, sir, I hope you have a very comfortable
visit here. May I reserve a room for you?” Guest said, “Yes.”
KEY TO EXERCISES
CORRECT FORM OF VERB
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
|
a
|
is
|
is
|
are
|
has
|
cannot
|
b
|
started
|
have realized
|
make
|
performed
|
are facing
|
c
|
are
|
am
|
have selected
|
is
|
have
|
d
|
wants
|
likes
|
are
|
will achieve
|
works
|
e
|
was
|
named
|
had
|
was respected
|
is
|
f
|
was going
|
saw
|
was following
|
was being
driven
|
was firing
|
g
|
is located
|
was built
|
has been
|
got
|
are
|
h
|
enters
|
is made
|
is designed
|
runs
|
can carry
|
i
|
would not have
taken
|
---
|
---
|
---
|
---
|
j
|
would have emerged
|
---
|
---
|
---
|
---
|
CHANGE OF VOICE
a)
Share of profit can be drawn in cash by a partner.
b)
If I compete in the quiz, a prize could be won.
c)
An apple shall be eaten in the morning but its skin
should not be peeled off.
d)
The government regulations have been freely ignored.
e)
Your loan request can not be approved.
f)
All questions were not attempted by some students.
g)
The dictatorship has been rejected by majority. (of
people)
h)
The old trees were being pulled down.
i)
Which colours have been chosen by them for their house?
j)
Nothing can be gained without effort.
NARRATION
1.
The
instructor told the trainees that they had completed their first phases of
exercise that they. He added that they would start another the following
day.
2. My
friend told me that it was going to be rain very soon. He/she asked me if I
could lend him/her my umbrella that summer.
3. Businessman
asked the salesman about the then selling prices. Salesman replied that the
prices were different from place to place and he would send him quotation soon.
Businessman thanked him.
4. She
told us that nobody knows the history of dinosaurs. She shocked us by telling
that they had been as large as a rock. We unanimously exclaimed in surprise.
5. Receptionist
greeted and welcomed the guest and offered him/her a room. The guest accepted
the offer.
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