Table of English Tenses

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Tense & rule	Affirmative/Negative/Question	Use	Signal Words
1.     Simple Present I/you/we/they= stem S/he/ it=stem+s,es	A: He speaks. N: He does not speak. Q: Does he speak?	Øaction in the present taking place once, never or several times Øfacts Øactions taking place one after another Øaction set by a timetable or schedule	always, every …, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually if sentences type I (If I talk, …)
2.     Present Continuous Am/is/are+stem+ing	A: He is speaking. N: He is not speaking. Q: Is he speaking?	Ø       action taking place in the moment of speaking Ø       action taking place only for a limited period of time Ø       action arranged for the future	at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now
Simple Past Stem+ed	A: He spoke. N: He did not speak. Q: Did he speak?	Ø       action in the past taking place once, never or several times Ø       actions taking place one after another Ø       action taking place in the middle of another action	yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday if sentence type II (If I talked, …)
3.     Past Continuous Was/were+stem+ing	A: He was speaking. N: He was not speaking. Q: Was he speaking?	Ø       action going on at a certain time in the past Ø       actions taking place at the same time Ø       action in the past that is interrupted by another action	when, while, as long as
4.     Present Perfect Simple Have/has+past participle	A: He has spoken. N: He has not spoken. Q: Has he spoken?	Ø       putting emphasis on the result Ø       action that is still going on Ø       action that stopped recently Ø       finished action that has an influence on the present Ø       action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking	already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
5.     Present Perfect Continuous Have/has been+stem+ing	A: He has been speaking. N: He has not been speaking. Q: Has he been speaking?	Ø       putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result) Ø       action that recently stopped or is still going on Ø       finished action that influenced the present	all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week
6.     Past Perfect Simple Had+pastpple	A: He had spoken. N: He had not spoken. Q: Had he spoken?	Ø       action taking place before a certain time in the past Ø       putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration)	already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day_if sentence type III (If I had talked, …)
7.     Past Perfect Continuous Had been+stem+ing	A: He had been speaking. N: He had not been speaking. Q: Had he been speaking?	Ø       action taking place before a certain time in the past Ø       sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple Ø       putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action	for, since, the whole day, all day
8.     Future  Simple Will/shall + stem	A: He will speak. N: He will not speak. Q: Will he speak?	Ø       action in the future that cannot be influenced Ø       spontaneous decision Ø       assumption with regard to the future	in a year, next …, tomorrow If-Satz Typ I (If you ask her, she will help you.) assumption: I think, probably, we might …, perhaps
9.      Future  Simple (going to) am/is/are+ going to+stem	A: He is going to speak. N: He is not going to speak. Q: Is he going to speak?	Ø       decision made for the future Ø       conclusion with regard to the future	in one year, next week, tomorrow
10. Future  Continuous Will/shall be +stem+ing	A: He will be speaking. N: He will not be speaking. Q: Will he be speaking?	Ø       action that is going on at a certain time in the future Ø       action that is sure to happen in the near future	in one year, next week, tomorrow
11. Future Perfect Will/shall have + past participle	A: He will have spoken. N: He will not have spoken. Q: Will he have spoken?	Ø       action that will be finished at a certain time in the future	by Monday, in a week
12. Future perfect Continuous Will/shall have been +stem+ing	A: He will have been speaking. N: He will not have been speaking. Q: Will he have been speaking?	Ø       action taking place before a certain time in the future Ø       putting emphasis on the course of an action	for …, the last couple of hours, all day long
13. Conditional I Simple Would+stem	A: He would speak. N: He would not speak. Q: Would he speak?	Ø       action that might take place	if sentences type II (If I were you, I would go home.)
14. Conditional I Continuous	A: He would be speaking. N: He would not be speaking. Q: Would he be speaking?	Ø       action that might take place Ø       putting emphasis on the course / duration of the action
15. Conditional II Simple	A: He would have spoken. N: He would not have spoken. Q: Would he have spoken?	Ø       action that might have taken place in the past	if sentences type III (If I had seen that, I would have helped.)

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